Discussion Notes

Economic Policies for Affordable, Secure and Clean Energy: Insights from India

and | 3 April 2025
Fiscal, Discussion Notes | Tags: Energy, Fossil Fuel Subsidies, India, Renewables
India is making significant strides toward affordable, secure and clean energy with the help of ambitious economic policy packages. Yet, like in other countries, many challenges remain. ... continue reading

Tax Expenditures Country Report: Brazil

, , and | 25 February 2025
Fiscal, Discussion Notes | Tags: Brazil, GTED, GTETI, Tax Expenditures
Tax expenditures in Brazil corresponded to 4.78% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2023, taking only the federal level into account. If state-level tax expenditures are included, the share reaches 7.2% of GDP in 2023. ... continue reading

Inclusive Green Finance for Small Companies: A Case Study of Pilot Cities in China’s Zheijiang Province

, and | 21 February 2025
Monetary, Discussion Notes | Tags: China, Entrepreneurship, Financial Inclusion, Green Finance
Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) are crucial for the transition to a sustainable economy. However, they face major challenges in accessing financing for sustainable investments. ... continue reading

The Global Tax Expenditures Transparency Index Companion Paper: Revised Version

, , , and | 3 December 2024
Fiscal, Discussion Notes | Tags: GTETI, Tax Expenditures, Transparency
The revised Companion Paper includes a description of the methodological adjustments made since the launch of the Global Tax Expenditures Transparency Index (GTETI). Changes do not only affect the internal structure of individual indicators but also the underlying format of  the data. ... continue reading

Tax Expenditures Country Report: France

| 29 November 2024
Fiscal, Discussion Notes | Tags: France, GTED, GTETI, Tax Expenditures
According to the French Ministry of Finance, tax expenditures have a budgetary cost (revenue forgone) equal to 2.9% of GDP, or 6.8% of the total amount of compulsory levies in France in 2023. ... continue reading