Publications

Climate Risks in Albania and their Relevance to the Central Bank

and | 14 March 2023
Monetary, Policy Briefs | Tags: Central Banks, Climate Change, Financial Stability, Sustainable Finance
Climate change has far-reaching impacts, both in breadth and magnitude that are starting to affect the economy and society in Albania. Mitigating them and positioning the Albanian economy on a sustainable path requires important structural transformations and investments. ... continue reading

The Digital Transition of Services: Getting Regulation Right From the Start

| 9 March 2023
Trade, Blog | Tags: Competition, Digital Economy, Innovation, Privacy, Services Trade
The digital transition and the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) in services are blurring the boundaries of both occupations and sectors. At the same time, new or rekindled trade-offs between different regulatory objectives arise, transgressing sectoral and occupational boundaries as we know them. Services regulations, ... continue reading

Keeping Risks in Check. Towards a Comprehensive Reflection of Climate Risks on Central Bank Balance Sheets

| 27 February 2023
Monetary, Blog | Tags: Asset Purchases, Central Banks, Climate Risks, Financial Governance
Central banks have been highlighting the financial risks from climate change for several years. The fact that they are still not accounting for these risks across all their operations is striking. This must change. ... continue reading

Fossil Fuel Tax Expenditures. Data Gaps and Reporting Guidelines

and | 21 February 2023
Fiscal, Discussion Notes | Tags: Energy, Fossil Fuel Subsidies, Tax Expenditures
Tax expenditures (TEs) make up one of the largest components of fossil fuel subsidies (FFSs) worldwide. Yet, despite their significance, they remain underreported. ... continue reading

Building Blocks for Central Banks to Develop Nature Scenarios

, and | 27 January 2023
Monetary, Policy Briefs | Tags: Central Banks, Climate Risk, Environment, Financial Stability
In reviewing a selection of models currently used in economic and nature loss assessments, five key issues emerge for model and scenario development. ... continue reading